A new study from the University of Eastern Finland shows that the transition toward a circular plastics economy is hindered by systemic interdependencies and internal contradictions within ecosystems.

The study examines circular plastics ecosystems through a qualitative case study approach. The findings demonstrate that regulation, technology, market structures, consumer behaviour and collaboration form interconnected yet conflicting dynamics that shape circularity outcomes.

The researchers identify what they call the “recycling for nothing paradox”: despite significant investments in recycling, reuse and reduction, misalignments across the ecosystem dilute impact and limit transformative change.

“Our findings show that focusing on isolated solutions is not enough. Advancing a circular plastics economy requires addressing the system as a whole, especially the contradictions between its key actors and mechanisms,” says Kristina Leppälä, Postdoctoral Researcher at the Business School’s Research Centre for Sustainable Circular Economy at the University of Eastern Finland.

The study highlights the need to address systemic tensions such as layered and sometimes conflicting regulation, contested technological pathways, fragmented markets and fragile collaboration.

The results provide important insights for companies, policymakers and researchers working to advance sustainable plastics systems and reduce environmental impacts.

Published in Journal of Circular Economy, the study was funded by Business Finland.