The rapid expansion of plastic production, combined with inadequate waste management, has resulted in the widespread presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. These particles can enter animal bodies through ingestion, inhalation, or contact and subsequently accumulate in organs such as the liver, intestine, brain, and reproductive tissues. Previous studies have linked such accumulation to inflammation, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and metabolic disorders. However, most research has focused on detecting exposure and describing toxicity, rather than exploring ways to reduce harm once exposure has occurred. Based on these challenges, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on effective interventions that can mitigate micro- and nanoplastic-induced organ damage.
In a review published (DOI：10.1007/s11783-026-2102-3) online on January 5, 2026, in Engineering Environment, researchers from Guizhou Normal University and collaborating institutions systematically assessed current intervention strategies aimed at reducing organ injury caused by micro- and nanoplastic exposure. By analyzing experimental studies from the past five years, the team categorized intervention approaches according to target organs, biological mechanisms, and treatment types. Their work provides a comprehensive overview of how antioxidants, probiotics, natural products, and pharmaceuticals may counteract plastic-induced toxicity, while also identifying major knowledge gaps that hinder the development of effective and universal protective strategies.
The review evaluated 48 experimental studies involving animals such as fish, rodents, and cellular models, focusing on organ-specific damage caused by micro- and nanoplastics. The liver and intestine emerged as the most frequently studied targets, reflecting their central roles in metabolism and exposure pathways. Across these organs, plastic particles were shown to disrupt biochemical indicators, damage tissue structure, and activate inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.
Several intervention strategies demonstrated protective effects. Natural compounds—including flavonoids, polyphenols, and plant-derived extracts—were repeatedly found to reduce oxidative stress by activating antioxidant defense systems and suppressing inflammatory signaling. Probiotics showed promise in restoring gut barrier integrity and rebalancing intestinal microbiota, thereby limiting downstream organ damage through the gut–liver axis. Certain pharmaceuticals and micronutrients were also reported to modulate lipid metabolism, reduce cell death, and attenuate immune responses triggered by plastic exposure.
Despite these advances, the review highlights clear limitations. Most interventions remain at an early experimental stage, with inconsistent dosing strategies and limited mechanistic understanding. Research on respiratory and female reproductive systems is notably scarce, and few studies examine interactions between multiple organs. These findings underscore the need for more integrated and mechanism-driven approaches to intervention research.
“Current research shows that microplastics do not cause isolated damage but trigger complex, multi-organ responses,” the authors note. “Intervention strategies that target oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic imbalance offer encouraging results, yet they remain fragmented.” They emphasize that future work should move beyond single-organ models and explore how interventions influence systemic interactions, dosage safety, and long-term outcomes. According to the researchers, establishing standardized evaluation frameworks will be essential for transforming experimental interventions into practical tools for protecting animal health in polluted environments.
The findings have important implications for environmental health, food safety, and ecological risk management. By identifying candidate interventions that can reduce organ damage in exposed animals, the review provides a foundation for developing protective strategies in aquaculture, livestock production, and wildlife conservation. Such approaches could help limit the transfer of plastic-associated toxicity through food chains, ultimately reducing risks to human health. More broadly, the study shifts the research focus from merely documenting microplastic harm to actively exploring mitigation solutions. As plastic pollution continues to intensify worldwide, intervention-oriented research may become a critical component of integrated strategies to manage its long-term biological and ecological impacts.
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References
DOI
10.1007/s11783-026-2102-3
Original Source URL
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-026-2102-3
Funding information
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32460106).
About ENGINEERING Environment
ENGINEERING Environment is an international journal in environmental disciplines, jointly sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Tsinghua University, and Higher Education Press. The journal is dedicated to advancing and disseminating the discoveries of cutting-edge theories, innovations in engineering technology, and practices in technological application within the environmental discipline. Adhering to the principle of integrating scientific theories with engineering technologies, the journal emphasizes the convergence of environmental protection with One Health, climate change response, and sustainable development. It places particular emphasis on the forward-looking nature of novel technologies and emerging challenges, the practicality of solutions, and interdisciplinary innovations.