Carbon-based gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO) are often associated with pollution and climate change. But what if these gases could be turned into something useful instead – like clean-burning fuel?

This is what Dr Lu Feng and other researchers have been working on. The goal of the collaboration has been to develop a new method for producing green biomethane, a sustainable alternative to natural gas.

Through five scientific papers, the researchers have documented how biofilm-based processes can be used to produce biomethane with over 96 percent purity.

A biofilm is a layer of microorganisms that grow on surfaces. The microbes work together and form a kind of community that can process gases and turn them into methane.

“Instead of decomposing organic waste, as is done in traditional biogas production, the biofilm method captures and processes gas streams using self-selected microorganisms harbored within thin biofilm under oxygen free conditions,” Dr Feng explains.

“Biofilms are widespread in nature,” he continues. “Our aim has been to engineer the biofilm to work for us for targeted conversion, either by using fixed or moving bed reactors. This opens new opportunities to convert climate-impacting gases into valuable energy.”

Among other things, the researchers experimented with adding selected microorganisms – a process known as bioaugmentation – to improve methane production.

“By introducing specific methane-producing microbes into the reactors, we were able to steer the process towards more efficient CO₂ conversion,” says Dr Feng.


Biofilm reactors maintain high methane quality and tolerance

Dr Feng says that the biofilms they have developed provide a stable and efficient process.

“They help retain the microbes, improve gas–liquid contact, and largely increase contact surface for the reaction. They also tolerate harmful substances that would otherwise disrupt gas production.”

In particular, biofilms can help manage challenges such as high levels of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide (H₂S). These are substances often found in industrial gas streams and can be problematic in conventional bioreactors.

“In one of our studies, we tested how biofilm reactors handle H₂S which is a toxic gas that can significantly reduce methane production,” says Dr Feng.

“The results showed that systems without biofilm lost up to 30 percent of the methane, while the biofilm reactors maintained high methane quality even at extremely high H₂S content.”

The researchers also examined the effect of ammonia, which usually inhibits methane production. In this study, they used a type of reactor called AnMBBR (Anaerobic Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor), and found that the biofilms were able to produce methane even at high ammonia concentrations.

“High ammonia can be accumulated when fish sludge, animal slurry, or food waste are used to produce biogas”, says Dr Feng.

“Our analysis showed that the biofilm contained microbes that tolerate ammonia, including a group called Methanothermobacter, which can use H₂ and CO₂ to produce methane.”

In another study, the researchers tested the biofilm method on syngas – a combination of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

“This could unlock the potential of using waste to produce biomethane, for example plastic waste and woody biomass, which under normal circumstances does not degrade in a bioprocess,” Dr Feng says.

The researchers found that adding extra hydrogen could increase methane production.

Too much hydrogen, however, led to imbalance in the process.

“This shows that biofilm reactors have great potential, but also that they require careful control to function optimally at industrial scale,” says Dr Feng.

“Biofilm-based processes offer a robust and flexible platform for future biogas production. This could become an important contribution to reducing harmful gas emissions while producing renewable energy,” he adds.

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Fact box 1: The biofilm research collaboration

These works are outcomes of a close collaboration between the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) and the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Together, the researchers have developed a method that can help turn carbon emissions into a resource – while also supporting national and EU goals for a more circular and climate-friendly economy.

Fact box 2: What is a biofilm?

A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components, which are typically a polymeric combination of extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and DNA. Because they have a three-dimensional structure and represent a community lifestyle for microorganisms, they have been metaphorically described as "cities for microbes".

Biofilms may form on living (biotic) or non-living (abiotic) surfaces and can be common in natural, industrial, and hospital settings. They may constitute a microbiome or be a portion of it.

Source: Wikipedia

Fact box 3: Biofilm under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Biofilms can develop under both aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions.

In aerobic biofilms, such as those found in wastewater treatment plants or on wet surfaces exposed to air, oxygen is a key driver of microbial metabolism. These biofilms often include nitrifying bacteria or aerobic decomposers.

In anaerobic biofilms, such as those found in digesters, sediments, or the gastrointestinal tract, oxygen is absent. Here, anaerobic bacteria and archaea carry out fermentation, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis—steps critical for biogas production and carbon recycling.