From local cultures to systems shaping professional learning, a comparative study explores what supports or hinders preschool teacher development in these three countries

Preschool teachers are the first educators to shape a child’s earliest learning experiences, laying the foundation for their academic, emotional, and social development. Despite the importance of their role in shaping a child’s lifelong learning trajectory, preschool teaching as a profession remains undervalued and frequently overlooked—especially when it comes to understanding how preschool teachers themselves grow and improve over time. Moreover, while other education levels benefit from established frameworks for teacher development, early childhood educators are frequently excluded from such discourse, both academically and institutionally.

To better understand and address this challenge, Associate Professor Akiko Hayashi of the Faculty of Business and Commerce at Keio University, Japan, offers a rare cross-cultural perspective on this issue. In this study published online in Comparative Education on May 14, 2025, she delves into how different systems of professional development—shaped by national culture, policy, and practice—either support or hinder the professional growth of preschool teachers in different countries. Using a method known as video-cued ethnographic interviewing, Dr. Hayashi conducted a longitudinal and comparative study of preschool teacher development in Japan, China, and the United States. This study is a part of a larger research that looks at how teachers change with experience and the factors that help them change.

“The greatest challenge of this research is to provide compelling evidence that preschool teaching is a legitimate profession requiring a specific set of professional competencies. Unfortunately, in the academic world, preschool teaching is not always recognized as a field of professional expertise. This lack of recognition often leads to its undervaluation and a limited level of interest among researchers,” says Dr. Hayashi, while elaborating more on the rationale behind this study.
Dr. Hayashi conducted interviews with six preschool teachers—two from each country—first in 2002 at the start of their careers and again in 2015, after they had become experienced educators. These teachers were also interviewed alongside senior mentors, reflecting on their professional growth. She expanded the study with group interviews involving teachers and directors who were unfamiliar with the original participants. In total, the study draws on the perspectives of 112 educators—37 in Japan, 32 in China, and 43 in the United States—offering a comparative look at how preschool teachers grow professionally across different cultures and systems.

The findings bring to light how cultural norms distinctly influence professional growth. In Japan, teacher development is grounded in hands-on classroom experience and communal learning. Instead of relying on formal training or workshops, most learning happens through hands-on practice and reflection. A unique practice in Japanese preschools is ennai kenshū, or in-house study groups, where teachers regularly meet to discuss classroom activities and exchange ideas. Guidance is subtle, and professional growth is driven by a strong moral commitment to students and colleagues, not by external rewards.

In China, professional development is more structured and hierarchical. Teachers are mentored, evaluated, and expected to adopt tested practices. Growth is encouraged through rankings, competitions, and formal evaluations, creating an environment where extrinsic motivation plays a major role. The system fosters rapid skill development and career advancement through clear pathways and institutional oversight.

In the United States, teacher development is highly self-directed. Many American teachers expressed concern that top-down efforts to standardize teaching limited their creativity and autonomy. Instead, they often take the initiative to improve their practice through informal methods, such as observing experienced peers, experimenting with new approaches, and enrolling in additional courses. While some pursue further education to meet job requirements, many do so out of a genuine desire to improve their teaching skills. Although external factors like job security, salary increases, and credential requirements influence their careers, Dr. Hayashi finds that many teachers are primarily driven by a personal commitment to becoming better educators.

Thus, while the collaborative, culturally rooted practices emphasizing group-based learning make preschool teacher development most stable in Japan, the reliance on an individual-focused, extrinsically motivated system makes it less stable in the US. China, with its authority-led, master-apprentice model, falls in the middle, making preschool teacher development moderately stable.

These findings offer valuable insights into how preschool teachers experience and interpret their professional growth. They emphasize that there is no universal model for teacher development. Instead, successful strategies must align with the cultural values and institutional structures unique to each country. Moreover, as Dr. Hayashi says, “Beyond its academic value, this study also has practical significance. It can serve as a useful reference in shaping education policy—not only in preschool settings but across the broader educational landscape.”

Reference
Title of original paper: The development of professional expertise in preschool teaching in Japan, China, and the United States
Journal: Comparative Education
DOI: 10.1080/03050068.2025.2503076

About Keio University Global Research Institute (KGRI), Japan
The Keio University Global Research Institute (KGRI) was established in November 2016 as a research organization to bridge faculties and graduate schools across the university. KGRI aims to promote interdisciplinary and international collaborative research that goes beyond the boundaries of singular academic disciplines and international borders. It also aims to share research outcomes both in Japan and worldwide, further promoting engagement in joint research. To enhance those activities above, in 2022, Keio University set its goal of becoming a “Research university that forges the common sense of the future”.

Website: https://www.kgri.keio.ac.jp/en/index.html

About Associate Professor Akiko Hayashi from Keio University, Japan
Dr. Akiko Hayashi is currently an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Business and Commerce, Keio University, Japan. Her interdisciplinary research spans developmental psychology, anthropology, and comparative early childhood education. She focuses on how preschool education shapes children into competent members of their society, exploring processes of socialization and cultural learning. Dr. Hayashi has held an academic position at Keio University’s Faculty of Business and Commerce. She has published extensively on cross-cultural education and ethnographic methods, and her work has been widely read and cited in the fields of Asian studies, cultural analysis, and early childhood development.

Funding information
This work was supported by Spencer Foundation and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [JP17K14021].