Accurate seafloor positioning is critical for studying tectonic movements, earthquakes, and marine resource exploration. The Global Navigation Satellite System-Acoustic (GNSS-A) technique combines satellite and acoustic measurements to achieve centimeter-level accuracy. However, GNSS-A traditionally relies on costly measurements of in-situ SSPs, which require extensive time and resources to collect. Variations in ocean temperature, salinity, and pressure further complicate in-situ measurement sampling, which cannot adequately represent the spatial-temporal changes of sound speed, limiting the efficiency of seafloor geodesy. Based on these challenges, there is a pressing need to explore cost-effective alternatives to in-situ SSPs.
Published (DOI: 10.1186/s43020-025-00170-z) on June 30, 2025, in Satellite Navigation, researchers from the First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources and Shandong University of Science and Technology evaluated the feasibility of using HYCOM global ocean analysis products for GNSS-A positioning. By comparing global ocean analysis derived SSPs with traditional in-situ and Munk empirical profiles, the study found that global ocean analysis delivers comparable accuracy while slashing operational costs.
The study revealed that global ocean analysis derived SSPs delivered horizontal positioning accuracy of 0.2 cm (RMS) and vertical accuracy of 2.9 cm (RMS), closely matching traditional in-situ measurements while eliminating the need for costly sound speed field surveys. In contrast, the Munk empirical profile introduced significant vertical errors (10.3 cm RMS) due to its oversimplified assumptions, making it unsuitable for high-precision applications. HYCOM global ocean analysis excelled in energetic and eddying marine regions like the Kuroshio Current, with the seafloor displacement linear fitting residual of 2.3 cm horizontally, though slightly higher discrepancies (~3 cm horizontally) occurred in complex dynamic zones like the Kuroshio-Oyashio confluence region. Long-term data (8 years) confirmed HYCOM global ocean analysis's reliability, with displacement trends aligning at sub-mm/year levels horizontally, proving its viability for tectonic monitoring. Notably, the method’s cost-efficiency and compatibility with unmanned vehicles could facilitate access to seafloor geodesy, offering a practical alternative for scientific and industrial use.
Dr. Yanxiong Liu, corresponding author of the study, noted: "Our results confirm that global ocean analysis sound speed profiles are a practical alternative to in-situ measurements. This advancement not only cuts costs but also expands access to seafloor geodetic technology for broader scientific and industrial applications."
The study's findings could expand seafloor geodetic monitoring by making GNSS-A positioning more affordable and accessible. Using global ocean analysis sound speed profiles instead of costly in-situ measurements facilitates frequent, high-precision surveys - particularly valuable for earthquake-prone regions like the Japan Trench. Offshore industries could benefit from cheaper seafloor positioning for infrastructure projects, while seismology scientists gain better tools to study seafloor plate tectonics. The approach also holds promise for unmanned vehicle navigation and deep-sea exploration. By eliminating the need for expensive SSPs measurements, this innovation could expand marine geodesy and advance our understanding of seafloor science.
###
References
DOI
10.1186/s43020-025-00170-z
Original Source URL
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-025-00170-z
Funding information
This work is supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Project Funded by Laoshan Laboratory (LSKJ202205102), the Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China (2022S03), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFB0505805), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42004030), and the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2023QD179).
About Satellite Navigation
Satellite Navigation (E-ISSN: 2662-1363; ISSN: 2662-9291) is the official journal of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The journal aims to report innovative ideas, new results or progress on the theoretical techniques and applications of satellite navigation. The journal welcomes original articles, reviews and commentaries.