Polyploidy, the presence of more than two chromosome sets, is common in plants and has helped shape the evolution of many crops and forest species. In some cases, polyploid plants develop larger leaves, flowers, fruits, or cells, although this “gigantism” is not universal. Poplar is a useful model because triploid lines often display larger cells, expanded leaves, and stronger photosynthetic capacity than diploid relatives. However, the path from altered gene expression to enlarged organs has been unclear, especially in woody plants. Based on these challenges, there is a need to conduct in-depth research into the regulatory networks that control polyploid cell enlargement and leaf development.
Researchers from the State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding and the National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration at Beijing Forestry University, in collaboration with the Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, reported (DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhag019) this work in Horticulture Research on January 20, 2026. The study reveals how the PpnGATA8–PpnGRF5–PagXTH9 regulatory module controls cell size in poplar, offering new insight into the genetic basis of enlarged cells and leaves in polyploid plants.
The team first compared diploid and triploid poplars and confirmed that triploid plants had larger leaf areas, larger cells, and higher photosynthetic indicators, including net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and water use efficiency (WUE). Transcriptome analysis then identified PpnGATA8 and PpnGRF5 as highly expressed candidates in young triploid tissues. In transgenic poplars, overexpression (OE) of PpnGATA8 increased plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, leaf size, mesophyll cell size, and gas-exchange performance, while RNA interference (RNAi) plants showed the opposite pattern. RNA sequencing further showed that PagGRF5 and PagXTH9 were activated in PpnGATA8-overexpressing plants. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), chromatin immunoprecipitation–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-qPCR), and dual-luciferase assays confirmed that GATA8 directly activates PagGRF5 and PagXTH9. GRF5 also directly activates PagXTH9. When GATA8 and GRF5 acted together, PagXTH9 expression was strongest, forming a coherent feed-forward loop (FFL) that amplifies cell-expansion signals.
The authors said the study turns a long-observed growth pattern in triploid poplars into a defined molecular model. In this model, GATA8 acts as an upstream regulator, GRF5 strengthens the transcriptional signal, and PagXTH9 helps execute cell expansion through cell-wall remodeling. They said this coordinated circuit explains how polyploid gene dosage may be translated into larger leaf cells, stronger photosynthesis, and more vigorous vegetative growth in poplar.
These findings have practical implications for forest tree improvement and biomass-oriented breeding. Poplars are widely used in timber production, pulp, bioenergy, shelterbelts, and ecological restoration, where faster growth and efficient leaf development are valuable traits. Identifying PpnGATA8, PpnGRF5, and PagXTH9 as key components of a cell-size regulatory module gives breeders and plant biotechnologists new molecular entry points for improving leaf architecture, photosynthetic capacity, and growth performance. The work may also guide studies in other crops and woody plants where polyploidy influences organ size. Future research could test whether fine-tuning this pathway improves growth while maintaining stress tolerance, wood quality, and field stability.
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References
DOI
10.1093/hr/uhag019
Original Source URL
https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhag019
Funding information
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China during the 14th Five-year Plan Period (2021YFD2200105) and the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF under Grant Number GZC20251298.
About Horticulture Research
Horticulture Research is an open access journal of Nanjing Agricultural University and ranked number one in the Horticulture category of the Journal Citation Reports ™ from Clarivate, 2023. The journal is committed to publishing original research articles, reviews, perspectives, comments, correspondence articles and letters to the editor related to all major horticultural plants and disciplines, including biotechnology, breeding, cellular and molecular biology, evolution, genetics, inter-species interactions, physiology, and the origination and domestication of crops.