https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.15212/ZOONOSES-2026-0030
Announcing a new article publication for
Zoonoses journal. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), nanoscale proteoliposomes naturally released by Gram-negative bacteria, have emerged as promising platforms for next-generation veterinary vaccines. OMVs possess intrinsic self-adjuvanting properties and preserve diverse bacterial antigens in their native conformations, thus enabling the induction of strong humoral, cellular, and mucosal immune responses without a need for additional adjuvants. Compared with conventional inactivated or subunit vaccines, OMV-based vaccines offer enhanced antigenic diversity, improved immune stimulation, and versatile antigen-delivery capabilities. Recent advances in genetic engineering and synthetic biology have enabled the development of detoxified and engineered OMVs with diminished reactogenicity, improved biosafety, and customizable antigen presentation for terrestrial and aquatic animal species. Experimental studies have demonstrated the potential of OMV-based vaccines against several important veterinary and zoonotic pathogens, including emerging applications against
Helicobacter pylori using engineered vesicles capable of inducing robust mucosal and systemic immunity. However, major challenges remain, including interspecies variation in innate immune recognition, large-scale manufacturing, batch standardization, residual endotoxin activity, and regulatory standardization of production and quality-control frameworks. Emerging technologies such as Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA), scalable bioprocessing systems, advanced antigen-delivery platforms, and standardized quality-control approaches are expected to accelerate translational development and commercial application. This review critically summarizes the biological properties, immunological mechanisms, antigen-delivery strategies, species-specific immunological considerations, production and quality-control requirements, veterinary applications, translational barriers, and future prospects of OMV-based vaccines.
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Zoonoses is fully open access journal for research scientists, physicians, veterinarians, and public health professionals working on diverse disciplinaries of zoonotic diseases. Please visit
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Zoonoses is now open for submissions; articles can be submitted online at
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eISSN 2737-7474
ISSN 2737-7466
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Sana Asif, Muhammad Wasif Gulzar and Arslan Muhammad Ali Khan et al. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles in Veterinary Vaccinology: Immunological Insights and Translational Opportunities.
Zoonoses. 2026. Vol. 6(1). DOI: 10.15212/ZOONOSES-2026-0030