—Natural, Non-Engineered Bacterium Selectively Targets Colorectal Cancer — Key Points

• First demonstration that the marine bacterium Photobacterium angustum exhibits potent antitumor effects against colorectal cancer
• Natural bacterium requires no genetic modification yet selectively accumulates in tumor tissues with minimal impact on healthy organs
• Dual mechanism of action: direct cancer cell destruction and immune system activation
• Superior therapeutic efficacy and safety profile compared to conventional bacterial therapy approaches

Summary
A research team led by Professor Eijiro Miyako at the Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), has discovered that the marine bacterium Photobacterium angustum demonstrates remarkable therapeutic efficacy against colorectal cancer.
Through screening of multiple marine bacterial strains, the researchers found that P. angustum, in its natural, non-engineered form, selectively accumulates in tumor tissues and induces both direct tumor lysis and robust immune activation. In mouse models, intravenously administered P. angustum showed high tumor tropism while exhibiting minimal colonization of vital organs except the liver, with no hematological abnormalities or histological toxicity observed.
Furthermore, P. angustum therapy promoted intratumoral infiltration of immune cells including T cells, B cells, and neutrophils, and enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The bacterium also demonstrated intrinsic oncolytic activity through natural exotoxin production, directly destroying cancer cells. These combined mechanisms significantly prolonged survival in treated mice, with complete remission achieved in some cases.
This research represents a critical advance toward developing safer, more biocompatible cancer immunotherapies that do not rely on genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
The study has been accepted for publication in the Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, a leading international journal in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Background
Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. While revolutionary immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cell therapy have been developed, they face challenges including high costs, immune-related adverse events, limited efficacy in solid tumors, and immunosuppressive mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment.
Bacterial cancer therapy has been explored for over a century, and recent studies have revealed that certain bacterial species can selectively colonize and proliferate in the hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor environment. However, most previous research has focused on genetically engineered Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium strains, raising concerns about biosafety, complex manufacturing processes, and stringent regulatory requirements.
This study focused on naturally occurring, non-engineered marine bacteria to explore their potential for cancer therapy. Research Findings
1. Screening of Marine Bacteria
The research team evaluated the antitumor activity of multiple marine bacterial strains including P. angustum, P. phosphoreum, P. aquimaris, A. logei, and P. indicum in colorectal cancer mouse models. Only P. angustum demonstrated significant antitumor effects and prolonged survival. Other bacterial strains caused death within two days of administration due to high toxicity.
2. Excellent Safety Profile
Mice treated with P. angustum showed no weight loss or hematological abnormalities. Complete blood counts, biochemical analyses, and histological examinations revealed no signs of toxicity. Inflammatory cytokine elevation was significantly lower compared to toxic strains, and bacteria were cleared from vital organs (except liver) within 24 hours.
3. High Tumor Selectivity
Intravenously administered P. angustum selectively accumulated in tumor tissues with abundant colony formation. In contrast, minimal colonization was observed in healthy organs including heart, lungs, kidneys, and spleen.
4. Dual Antitumor Mechanisms
The antitumor effects of P. angustum are mediated through two mechanisms:

• Direct tumor lysis: Natural exotoxins (including hemolysins) produced by the bacterium directly destroy cancer cells
• Immune system activation: Promotes intratumoral infiltration of T cells, B cells, and neutrophils, and enhances production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IFN-γ

5. Long-lasting Immune Memory
When tumor-free mice were rechallenged with cancer cells 120 days after initial treatment, all mice completely rejected secondary tumor growth. This demonstrates that P. angustum therapy induces potent and durable antitumor immunological memory.
6. Broad Applicability
P. angustum showed significant antitumor effects not only in inflammation-driven colorectal cancer models but also in drug-resistant triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models. This suggests potential application beyond colorectal cancer. Future Prospects
This study demonstrates that naturally occurring, non-engineered bacteria can function as safe and effective cancer immunotherapy agents. Future research will focus on validation across various cancer types, evaluation of combination effects with immune checkpoint inhibitors, and detailed analysis of long-term immune memory.
Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying P. angustum's tumor-selective colonization and immune activation will facilitate development of more effective therapeutic approaches.
These findings present a new therapeutic paradigm of biocompatible bacterial therapy that does not depend on GMOs, with potential for future clinical translation. Funding
This research was supported by:

• Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (Grant No. 23H00551)
• JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Pioneering) (Grant No. 22K18440)
• JSPS Program for Forming Japan’s Peak Research Universities（J-PEAKS） (Grant No. JPJS00420230006)
• Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Program for Co-creating Startup Ecosystem (Grant No. JPMJSF2318)
• JST SPRING (Grant No. JPMJSP2102)

Glossary
Marine bacteria: Bacteria inhabiting marine environments. Photobacterium angustum used in this study can be cultured in conventional marine broth without special conditions.
Tumor microenvironment: The complex environment comprising cancer tissue, surrounding cells, blood vessels, immune cells, and signaling molecules. Often characterized by hypoxia and immunosuppression.
Exotoxins: Toxic substances secreted by bacteria. This study showed that exotoxins produced by P. angustum directly destroy cancer cells.
Cytokines: Proteins involved in cell-to-cell communication. TNF-α and IFN-γ are inflammatory cytokines that promote immune responses.
GMO (Genetically Modified Organism): Organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering. P. angustum used in this study is a natural strain with no genetic modification. ■ Publication Details
Title:
Systemic administration of Photobacterium angustum promotes antitumor immunity and direct tumor lysis in murine models of colorectal cancer
Authors:
Mikako Miyahara, Teruhisa Takizawa, Matomo Sakari, and Eijiro Miyako*
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, JAIST
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer
Publication Date: November 19, 2025
DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2025-012665