By Silje Pileberg.

“When you're working towards something bigger, it's easy to see the limitations of your own lifetime. But major changes often happen unexpectedly – perhaps when you've already given up hope,” says Dominik Collet, professor of history at the University of Oslo.

Together with Ingar Mørkestøl Gundersen, a postdoctoral researcher in history at the same university, and other colleagues, he has studied how temperature changes during “the Little Ice Age” affected people in Norway.

The Little Ice Age lasted from the 1300s to around 1900 and affected mainly Europe and North America. The average temperature was up to 1.5 degrees colder than in modern times. In Norway, it was particularly cold at the end of the 18th century.

The first global weather observations

The changes in temperature led to a shorter growing season in agriculture, and Norway experienced several subsistence crises and famines. Jacob Nicolay Wilse, who was both a parish priest in the municipality of Spydeberg and a scientist – a combination of roles not uncommon at the time – noticed the changes in several ways.

From his rural home he was part of a global network that made the first worldwide weather observations. At the rectory in Spydeberg, he established one of two weather stations in Norway, and the only one that was part of the so-called Mannheim network.

"Because of this network, we have amazing weather observations from the years 1781 to 1792. They set a standard for climate science, and these observations are the basis for what we know about the climate at that time," Gundersen explains.

People did not want potatoes

Wilse noticed that temperatures were dropping. He also experienced the crises himself, having lost both his first wife and four children, and later his second wife and two more children. The exact causes of their deaths are uncertain, but several epidemics were occurring in Spydeberg at that time.

"Although he was well educated and more privileged than most, he did not escape the difficult times. Still, he tried to find solutions, especially improvements in agriculture, and he had both a pharmacy, an experimental garden and a library at the rectory that people could access," says Gundersen.

Wilse was a so-called "potato priest" who advocated for the use of potatoes in Norway. Potatoes tolerate more cold and rain than grain, which dominated the diet at that time.

"People were used to porridge, and they met the potato priests' ideas with the same skepticism that we face today regarding potential solutions to future food crises. Insects, for example, are very nutritious, yet most people hesitate to try them. Food culture is deeply ingrained in people's habits and can be difficult to change," Collet explains.

Opposed by the system

Wilse also faced structural barriers.

"The entire society revolved around grains. They were easy to store and transport. Bread was associated with status, while potatoes were seen as inferior and were perceived by many as animal feed. Additionally, they rot are less suitable for storage and rot quicker," says Gundersen.

Wilse's attempts to think long-term were hindered by both the people around him and the system he was part of, even though the need was great: Researchers have discovered examples of how climate changes at that time affected ordinary people, in addition to those who were more privileged.

The ballad "The Norwegians grief and lament" from the 1770s tells the story of how a mother killed her four children with an axe because she had no food for them. The ballad explicitly mentions the climatic anomaly of 1771-1773 as the cause.

"We initially thought that the ballad was fictional. It was simply too brutal. Then we found out that it actually happened," say the researchers.

Ten years after his death…

In addition to advocating for potatoes, Wilse also argued for other changes, such as improved public health and education. He was a key proponent of establishing a Norwegian university, and he warned against the overexploitation of natural resources. He probably felt that he had not been heard when he died in 1801.

But in 1811, Norway's first university was founded, and potato cultivation took off around the same time. The Napoleonic Wars had caused a trade blockade that made grain supplies difficult, while frost and rain ruined crops at home.

In the work "The History of Norway's Constitution," which the prominent Norwegian writer Henrik Wergeland wrote in 1841, the poet highlights Wilse's efforts to establish a Norwegian university as a significant part of the development leading up to the adoption of the Constitution in 1814.

The pressure had to be great and sustained enough for change to occur.

"But knowledge had to be there too. And according to Wergeland, Wilse was a key figure in this regard," says Gundersen.

Seeing more parallels with today's climate debate

The two researchers draw several parallels to today's climate debate, such as:

• Understanding climate change is difficult, then as now. It involves people, not just precise measurements.
• Adaptation is challenging.
• There was a tendency back then, as there is today, to look for scapegoats instead of engaging in the difficult but necessary discussions.

"In the 17th century, instead of preparing society to handle the changes, people blamed "weather witches," whom they believed used sorcery to create cold and rain. Today, it is easy to point to others' consumption. But it is the ideology of growth that is the major challenge, not your neighbor's diesel car," says Dominik Collet.

However, by the late 18th century, changes began to occur, and according to Collet and Gundersen, history shows that human efforts can have long-term consequences.

"You can always make an impact. You just have to lift your gaze beyond your own limited horizon and find partners," they say.