Feeding nearly 10 billion people by 2050 demands a radical rethink of how we grow food. Traditional farming practices have come at a cost—excessive fertilizer use, water pollution, soil degradation, and declining biodiversity. Climate change is amplifying these stresses, threatening food systems worldwide. Meanwhile, many smallholder farmers lack access to advanced tools, making it harder to farm efficiently and sustainably. Innovative technologies that improve productivity while reducing environmental harm are now essential. Against this backdrop, nanotechnology—once the domain of electronics and medicine—is being reimagined as a solution to agriculture's most urgent challenges. Due to these pressures, there is a compelling need to explore its potential through deeper scientific inquiry.
In a new study (DOI: 10.1016/j.pedsph.2024.09.005) published in the January 2025 issue of Pedosphere, a research team from the University of Vigo and Lund University offers the most comprehensive review to date of nanotechnology's role in agriculture. The article, titled "Use of nanotechnology for safe agriculture and food production: Challenges and limitations," evaluates nano-enabled tools—from fertilizers and pesticides to sensors—and examines their dual role as innovation drivers and potential risk factors. Their findings serve as both a roadmap and a cautionary tale for the future of high-tech farming.
Nanofertilizers are engineered to release nutrients gradually, in sync with plant needs. Their tiny size and high surface area allow them to penetrate plant tissues more efficiently, reducing waste and increasing yields. Likewise, nanopesticides provide controlled, targeted pest management—lowering chemical inputs and minimizing off-target effects. Chitosan-based and metallic nanoparticles, for example, have shown strong antimicrobial activity while being biodegradable and eco-friendly. Nanosensors represent another leap forward, enabling real-time monitoring of soil and crop conditions. These sensors can detect pathogens, water stress, or nutrient deficiencies before visible symptoms appear, allowing for timely and data-driven interventions.
But the authors also sound a note of caution. Some nanoparticles may persist in the environment, disrupt beneficial soil microbes, or accumulate in food chains. Many laboratory studies use high doses that don't reflect real-world farming conditions, raising questions about long-term impacts. In addition, the high cost of production and a lack of standardized safety regulations are barriers to adoption, particularly in developing regions. The review emphasizes that while the potential is vast, the pathway to safe and equitable application remains complex and uncertain.
"Nanotechnology can be a powerful ally in building resilient food systems—but only if we fully understand its risks," explains Dr. Manuel Arias-Estévez, the study's lead author. "It's not just about efficiency or yield. We need to consider how these materials interact with soil, water, and living organisms. That's why long-term studies, real-world trials, and strong regulatory frameworks are essential. The future of nano-agriculture depends not just on innovation, but on responsibility."
When responsibly deployed, nanotechnology could reshape the future of farming. It offers tools to reduce fertilizer waste, curb pesticide overuse, and boost crop health with unprecedented precision. For countries facing food insecurity and resource constraints, nano-enabled agriculture may offer new hope. But this potential will only be realized if technologies are affordable, scalable, and supported by clear safety standards. Moving forward, cross-sector collaboration—from scientists and engineers to policymakers and farmers—will be crucial in translating nano breakthroughs into practical solutions that benefit both people and the planet.
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References
DOI
10.1016/j.pedsph.2024.09.005
Original Source URL
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedsph.2024.09.005
Funding information
This work was funded by the EnviNagro Project (No. PID 2021-124497OA-I00) supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation, Agency and the European Regional Development Fund of Spain (No. MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER, UE). The financial support of the Regional Ministry of Culture, Education, and University (Xunta de Galicia), Galicia, Spain is also recognized through the contract (No. ED431C 2021/46-GRC) granted to the research group BV1 of the University of Vigo, Spain. PPR and ARS have postdoctoral contract Juan de la Cierva Incorporación (Nos. IJC 2020-044426-I/MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and IJC2020-044197-I/MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain, the European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR, and the University of Vigo, Spain. VSM holds a postdoctoral fellowship (No. ED481B-2022-081) financed by Xunta de Galicia, Spain. DAL has a postdoctoral contract Ramón y Cajal (No. RYC2022-036752-I) funded by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities of Spain, the European Union, and the University of Vigo, Spain.
About Pedosphere
Pedosphere is a peer-reviewed international journal established in 1991 and published bimonthly in English by Elsevier and Science Press. It is jointly sponsored by the Soil Science Society of China and the Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with five leading Chinese institutions in soil science. Under the editorship of Prof. Shen Ren-Fang, the journal publishes high-quality original research and reviews spanning the full spectrum of soil science, including environmental science, agriculture, ecology, bioscience, and geoscience. Topics of interest include soil physics, chemistry, biology, fertility, plant nutrition, conservation, and global change. All submissions undergo rigorous double-blind peer review by an international editorial board and expert panel. Pedosphere is indexed in major databases such as SCI Expanded, SCOPUS, BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts, and CNKI, making it a widely recognized platform for advancing soil science research globally.