Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype lacking targeted therapies, making immunotherapy a promising yet unpredictable option. Current biomarkers, such as PD-L1 expression or tumor mutational burden, often fail to reliably predict treatment success due to the complexity of immune responses. Moreover, invasive tumor biopsies are impractical for frequent monitoring. Plasma proteomics, which analyzes blood-based proteins, offers a non-invasive alternative but remains underexplored in TNBC. Previous studies have linked certain plasma proteins to immune activity, but none have systematically mapped their dynamics during immunotherapy or tied them to clinical outcomes. Based on these challenges, there is a pressing need to identify reliable, non-invasive biomarkers to optimize immunotherapy for TNBC patients.
Published (DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2025.0038)on July 4, 2025, in Cancer Biology & Medicine, researchers from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies unveiled a plasma proteomics study of 195 TNBC patients. Using high-sensitivity assays, the team tracked 92 immune-related proteins before, during, and after immunotherapy. They identified ARG1, NOS3 and CD28 as key predictors of response and developed the PIPscore, a model with 85.8% accuracy. The study integrates single-cell RNA sequencing to correlate blood-based findings with tumor microenvironment changes, offering a holistic view of immunotherapy dynamics.
The study revealed dramatic shifts in plasma protein levels post-immunotherapy, with immune-activating proteins like CXCL9 and IFN-γ rising in responders. Notably, patients achieving pathologic complete response(pCR) had higher ARG1 and CD28 but lower NOS3 levels, suggesting these proteins regulate immune activation and tumor suppression. The PIPscore, combining six proteins (e.g., ARG1, NOS3, IL-18), stratified patients into high- and low-response groups with striking precision (AUC 0.858). High PIPscores correlated with better outcomes, while low scores indicated resistance.Single-cell RNA sequencing further linked plasma proteins to tumor microenvironment changes. For example, elevated NOS3 levels associated with fewer CD8+ T cells in tumors, hinting at immunosuppressive effects. Conversely, ARG1's role in arginine metabolism may enhance T-cell function. The team validated findings via ELISA, confirming the reliability of their proteomic platform.A standout highlight was the PIPscore's prognostic power: it predicted 12-month progression-free survival with 96% accuracy. This tool could streamline clinical decision-making, identifying ideal candidates for immunotherapy upfront.
"This study transforms how we approach TNBC immunotherapy," said Dr. Yizhou Jiang, co-corresponding author. "By translating complex plasma proteomics into a practical score, we've bridged the gap between research and clinical utility. The PIPscore not only predicts response but also opens doors to targeting metabolic pathways like arginine deprivation to overcome resistance. These findings underscore that systemic immunity, not just the tumor microenvironment, dictates treatment success."
The PIPscore could soon guide oncologists in selecting TNBC patients for immunotherapy, reducing unnecessary side effects and costs. Its non-invasive nature allows repeated monitoring, enabling real-time adjustments to treatment plans. Beyond TNBC, this approach might apply to other cancers where immunotherapy efficacy varies widely.
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References
DOI
10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2025.0038
Original Source URL
https://doi.org/10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2025.0038
Funding information
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China (Grant No. 2021YFF1201300 and 2021YFF1201302), the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology (Grant No. 24DX2800100), and the Institutional Projects of SIBPT (Grant No. YZ2024-07).
About Cancer Biology & Medicine
Cancer Biology & Medicine (CBM) is a peer-reviewed open-access journal sponsored by China Anti-cancer Association (CACA) and Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital. The journal monthly provides innovative and significant information on biological basis of cancer, cancer microenvironment, translational cancer research, and all aspects of clinical cancer research. The journal also publishes significant perspectives on indigenous cancer types in China. The journal is indexed in SCOPUS, MEDLINE and SCI (IF 8.4, 5-year IF 6.7), with all full texts freely visible to clinicians and researchers all over the world (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/2000/).