KAIST’s discovery of graphene oxide liquid crystals in 2011 has laid the foundation for 15 years of research worldwide, leading to technologies for producing graphene fibers with high strength and thermal conductivity. The fundamental materials research that helped bring antibacterial toothbrushes and functional sportswear to market is now advancing into materials for thermal management.

KAIST (President Choongsik Bae) announced on September 18 that Professor Sang Ouk Kim’s team in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering has published a commentary in the News & Views section of Nature Materials, examining recent advances in high-performance graphene fibers based on graphene oxide liquid crystals and their scientific significance.

Graphene oxide consists of graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb structure, with oxygen functional groups attached. Graphene is strong and conducts heat and electricity well, but its poor dispersibility in water makes it difficult to process in liquid form. By contrast, the oxygen functional groups allow graphene oxide to disperse readily in water, making it easier to formulate into inks, apply as coatings, or spin into fibers.

In 2011, Professor Kim’s team was the first in the world to report that graphene oxide dispersed in water above a certain concentration spontaneously forms a liquid-crystalline state in which its thin sheets align in a common direction.

Under certain conditions, graphene oxide sheets floating randomly in water align like a scattered deck of cards arranged to face the same direction. This alignment allows graphene oxide to be drawn into long fibers while maintaining the sheets’ orientation along the fiber axis.

Following this discovery, researchers worldwide have developed methods for producing graphene fibers from graphene oxide liquid crystals. Conventional methods, however, have faced problems such as breaks in the liquid filament during drawing and insufficiently aligned or loosely packed graphene sheets, which leave voids and defects within the fibers.

These problems have limited efforts to improve strength and thermal conductivity simultaneously.

In their commentary, Professor Kim’s team discussed recent research addressing these limitations and examined how research on graphene oxide liquid crystals has led to technologies for manufacturing high-performance fibers.

Researchers at Zhejiang University in China recently dispersed graphene oxide in highly viscous glycerol, giving the dispersion viscoelastic properties similar to those of a polymer solution. This enabled “ultrahigh-ratio drawing” during wet spinning, allowing the graphene oxide dispersion to be stretched much further than before.

During this process, the graphene oxide sheets become more closely aligned along the fiber axis, reducing internal voids and defects. Subsequent heat treatment at high temperatures promotes the growth of large, aligned graphitic crystallites, producing lightweight, strong graphene fibers with high thermal and electrical conductivity.

The graphene fibers produced in this recent study were reported to have a tensile strength of up to 5.9 gigapascals (GPa) and a thermal conductivity of up to 1,720 watts per meter per kelvin (W/(m·K)). In simple terms, the fibers resist breaking when pulled and transfer heat quickly. These results show how denser packing and better alignment of graphene oxide sheets can improve both strength and thermal conductivity.

In the commentary, Professor Kim’s team highlighted how research on graphene oxide liquid crystals, first discovered in 2011, has progressed from observing a fundamental phenomenon to processing a two-dimensional material through flow and stretching, much like a polymer solution.

The phenomenon of graphene oxide self-alignment, discovered by KAIST researchers 15 years ago, has, through continued follow-up research worldwide, expanded into technology for producing fibers that are both strong and highly conductive of heat.

KAIST's core technology related to graphene oxide liquid crystals has already moved beyond the laboratory into consumer products. Antibacterial graphene toothbrushes incorporating technology from Sojaechangjo Co., Ltd., a faculty startup founded by Professor Kim, have sold more than 14 million units since their 2023 launch. Functional fibers made with

GrapheneTex material were used in the uniforms of the Taekwondo demonstration team at the 2024 Paris Olympics. More recently, the material has been applied to functional golf apparel, other sportswear, and bedding, as the company pursues expansion into global markets.

The commentary also illustrates how a single discovery in basic science can lead to applications in multiple fields. Research on graphene oxide liquid crystals that began at KAIST has supported the commercialization of consumer products such as antibacterial toothbrushes and functional sportswear, while subsequent research worldwide has advanced the development of graphene fibers with high strength and thermal conductivity.

With their low weight, high strength, and ability to conduct heat efficiently, high-performance graphene fibers could find use in thermal management materials for electronic devices, lightweight thermal management components for electric vehicles, aerospace applications, wearable electronics and smart clothing.

“Since their discovery in 2011, graphene oxide liquid crystals have provided a foundation for research worldwide that has now led to strong, high-performance graphene fibers that conduct heat efficiently,” said Professor Kim. “What makes this significant is that a single line of basic research has led to applications ranging from consumer products such as toothbrushes and functional clothing to advanced materials for electronics, mobility, and aerospace.”

The commentary was written by PhD candidates Jin Hyo Kim and Sujin Cha and Professor Sang Ouk Kim, all of KAIST’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and was published in the News & Views section of Nature Materials on September 8. (END)

Commentary title: Processing graphene fibres by viscous flow
DOI: 10.1038/s41563-026-02735-y