Fusion genes, arising from
abnormal chromosomal rearrangements, are gaining recognition as pivotal players in
cancer development. These genetic alterations result in the creation of hybrid genes with
altered functions, often driving tumor progression. The latest review highlights their
significant role across various cancers, including
hematological malignancies, lung cancer, thyroid cancer, and prostate cancer. As researchers deepen their understanding of these genetic mechanisms, new avenues for
precision cancer therapies are emerging.
The review underscores the
biological impact of fusion genes on tumor formation. By disrupting normal cellular processes, these genetic alterations lead to uncontrolled proliferation, evasion of cell death, and enhanced metastatic potential.
BCR-ABL, EML4-ALK, and PML-RARα are among the most studied fusion genes, each playing a crucial role in specific cancer types. The presence of these genes has
revolutionized cancer diagnostics, allowing for more precise classification and prognostic assessments.
From a therapeutic standpoint, fusion genes represent
valuable targets for drug development. The introduction of
targeted therapies has transformed treatment outcomes, particularly in cancers such as
chronic myeloid leukemia and non-small cell lung cancer. Drugs designed to inhibit
aberrant fusion proteins have significantly improved survival rates and reduced side effects compared to traditional chemotherapy. However, challenges remain, including the
emergence of resistance mechanisms that can diminish drug efficacy.
Advancements in
genomic sequencing technologies have accelerated the detection of fusion genes, enabling the identification of previously unknown genetic alterations. Techniques such as
RNA sequencing and liquid biopsy provide non-invasive methods for detecting these genes, paving the way for
real-time monitoring of tumor evolution. Such innovations enhance the potential for
early intervention and personalized treatment strategies.
Despite these breakthroughs, researchers emphasize the need to
overcome key challenges in fusion gene research. Understanding the
functional diversity of fusion genes, their interactions with
tumor microenvironments, and their role in
treatment resistance remains crucial. Future efforts aim to refine
therapeutic strategies by developing
next-generation inhibitors and combination therapies tailored to specific genetic alterations.
As the landscape of cancer treatment evolves, fusion genes stand at the forefront of
precision medicine, offering
new hope for patients. With continuous advancements in genomic research and targeted drug development, the potential to turn these genetic anomalies into therapeutic opportunities is greater than ever.
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Reference
Haiqiong Tang, Qiu Peng, Linda Oyang, Shiming Tan, Xianjie Jiang, Zongyao Ren, Xuemeng Xu, Mengzhou Shen, Haofan Li, Mingjing Peng, Longzheng Xia, Wenjuan Yang, Shizhen Li, Jiewen Wang, Yaqian Han, Nayiyuan Wu, Yanyan Tang, Jinguan Lin, Qianjin Liao, Yujuan Zhou, Fusion genes in cancers: Biogenesis, functions, and therapeutic implications, Genes & Diseases, Volume 12, Issue 5, 2025, 101536,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101536
Funding Information:
National Natural Science Foundation of China 82302987
National Natural Science Foundation of China 82303534
National Natural Science Foundation of China 82203233
National Natural Science Foundation of China 82202966
National Natural Science Foundation of China 82173142
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China 2024JJ4025
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China 2023JJ60469
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China 2023JJ40413
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China 2023JJ40417
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China 2023JJ30372
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China 2023JJ30375
Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province, China 2024RC3231
Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province, China 2023ZJ1122
Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province, China 2023RC3199
Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province, China 2023SK4034
Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province, China 2023RC1073
Research Project of Health Commission of Hunan Province, China R2023040
Research Project of Health Commission of Hunan Province, China Z2023086
Research Project of Health Commission of Hunan Province, China R2023093
Research Project of Health Commission of Hunan Province, China 202203034978
Research Project of Health Commission of Hunan Province, China 202202055318
Hunan Cancer Hospital Climb Plan (Hunan, China) ZX2020001-3
Research Project of Health Commission of Hunan Province, China YF2020002
Research Project of Health Commission of Hunan Province, China 2023NSFC-A001
Research Project of Health Commission of Hunan Province, China 2023NSFC-A002
Research Project of Health Commission of Hunan Province, China 2023NSFC-A004